Hbs Marriott Corporation - 4534 Words

Harvard Business School 9-282-042 Rev. September 15, 1986 Marriott Corporation The idea of repurchasing shares was no stranger to Bill Marriott by January 1980. Almost five million shares of common stock had been repurchased on the open market by Marriott Corporation during 1979 at a total cost of $74 million and an average price of $15.16 in the belief that they were undervalued—a belief that still was not fully reflected in the market price. At $19 5/8, the stock was selling at only six times cash flow per share; and its price/earnings ratio of nine was a far cry from historical multiples as high as fifty times as recently as 1973. Its low price seemed to offer once again an obvious opportunity to benefit shareholders.†¦show more content†¦Operations expanded to 476 company-operated restaurants, 55 hotels and resorts, a cruise ship line, two theme parks, and 66,000 employees. (See Exhibit 1 for financial information on Marriotts various businesses.) Hotels (35% of sales)—Marriott Hotels was one of the worlds leading and most successful operators of hotels and resorts. By 1980, more than 23,000 rooms were offered through 55 hotels and resorts located primarily in the U.S. Approximately 70% of company-operated rooms were owned by outside investors and managed by Marriott under agreements averaging 70 years in length. These management agreements contributed approximately $40 million to operating profits in 1979—profits that tended to rise with inflation. Contract Food Service (32% of sales)—Marriott operated almost 300 contract food units, providing a wide range of food service capabilities to a variety of clients. It was the worlds leading supplier of catering services to airlines, with 62 flight kitchens serving domestic and international air travelers. The Food Service Management Division also managed restaurants, cafeterias, conference centers and other facilities for over 200 clients, including business, health care, and educational institutions. Restaurants (25% of sales)—Marriotts Restaurant Group consisted of 476 company-owned units offering a variety of popularly priced food in 46 states. Roy Rogers fast food restaurants and Big Boy coffee shops accounted forShow MoreRelatedHbs Case â€Å"Marriott Corporation: the Cost of Capital†1440 Words   |  6 PagesMarriott Corporation: Questions for HBS case â€Å"Marriott Corporation: The cost of capital† 1) Are the four components of Marriotts financial strategy consistent with its growth objective? In my opinion, the four components of Marriotts financial strategy are consistent with its growth objective. As we find in the case, the four components of Marriotts financial strategy: Manage rather than own hotel assets, Invest in projects that increase shareholder value, Optimize the use of debtRead MoreA1 Syllabus FIN 423 SPRING 2015 Financial Analysis And Management Capstone 1 4552 Words   |  19 Pagesstern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/ ) COURSE SCHEDULE It is expected that you have read the material prior to each class. Contents are subject to change, but I will announce the changes in class and on Blackboard. B=Brealy, H= Higgins, R= Ross, Chpt=Chapter, HB= Harvard business cases Week/Session Activity Week 1, Jan-21 (1) Course Outline. Needs Assessment. B-Chpt 13, H-Chpt 1, R-Chpt 12: Introduction Interpreting financial statements (FS) Page 3 of 14 Week/Session Activity Week 2, Jan-26 (2)Read MoreEthical Companies12021 Words   |  49 PagesEthics/Compliance Program. 5. 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In fact, images of Rosie the Riveter represent how we secured the home front during World War (National Park Service). MoreRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pages(Continued from front flap) is the Horace Beesley Professor of Strategy at the Marriott School, Brigham Young University. He is widely published in strategy and business journals and was the fourth most cited management scholar from 1996–2006. is a professor of leadership at INSEAD. He consults to organizations around the world on innovation, globalization, and transformation and has published extensively in leading academic and business journals. is the Robert and Jane CizikRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesoregonstate.edu/faculty/bio .htm?UserName=Larson References Ball Parks of Baseball, â€Å"Cisco Field,† http://www.ballparksofbaseball.com/future/ CiscoField.htm (accessed June 2, 2009). Benko, C., and F. W. McFarlan, Connecting the Dots (Boston: HBS Press, 2003). Cohen, D. J., and R. J. Graham, The Project Manager’s MBA (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2001). Faylor, C., â€Å"Next Generation Wii Is Rumored to Hit the Market in 2011,† Shacknews.com (Oct. 1, 2008). Kay, J., â€Å"US Box Office Spellbound by Harry

Beowulf And The Epic Of Gilgamesh - 1667 Words

In today’s society, a hero is viewed as someone who embodies the characteristics of selflessness, courage, honesty, and integrity. The same characteristics were essential to be thought of as a hero 3,000 years ago as well. Two of the most widely known epic poems of their time were Beowulf and The Epic of Gilgamesh. Both Beowulf and Gilgamesh embody traits known exclusively of a hero. The poem of Beowulf and The Epic Gilgamesh both showcase the characteristics required of being an epic, in that they include a hero on a quest performing valorous deeds in an elevated style, while being protected by supernatural forces. The epic poem, Beowulf was based in the country of Denmark, while The Epic of Gilgamesh was based in a region of Mesopotamia. Although the poems were written and discovered in two separate regions, their cultures share similarities. Beowulf was strongly influenced by the Anglo-Saxon culture, which was monotheistic. The Anglo-Saxon culture also encompasses elements of Paganism and Christianity (History.world.org). Additionally, Gilgamesh was born into a polytheistic Sumer culture. Both the Anglo-Saxon and Sumer culture was widely warrior based. Both Beowulf and Gilgamesh owe most of their epic heroism to the characteristics of their cultures. They strived to be not only great leaders, but also heroic warriors (Anglo-Saxon England-UTA). The two cultures were also widely known for their adventurous storytelling. No one knows the actual age of the poem Beowulf,Show MoreRelatedThe Epic Of Gilgamesh, The Odyssey, And Beowulf854 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout the â€Å"Epic of Gilgamesh†, â€Å"Oedipus the King†, â€Å"The Odyssey†, and â€Å"Beowulf†, the readers notice how society defines each main character by their heroic characteristics, the relationship between the humans and the divine, and the differences of how each hero’s journey ends. Gilgamesh, Oedipus, Odysseus, and Beowulf display several characteristics classifying themselves as heroes. In the story of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is â€Å"two-thirds divine and one-third human† (Gilgamesh, par 2). He displaysRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh, The Odyssey, And Beowulf1962 Words   |  8 PagesIn this argument essay, it consists of three texts: The Epic of Gilgamesh, The Odyssey, and Beowulf. During each of the characters journey, they face challenges such as fighting with monsters and with that they either develop a greater sense of mortality or a greater sense of identity. Mortality and identity are common themes in an epic that portrays the importance of character development from the effects of their heroic actions. Some epics result in mortality which means they know that they liveRead MoreEssay on The Epic of Gilgamesh versus The Epic of Beowulf1147 Words   |  5 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh and Beowulf contain everything we can expect from a great epic li terature. It portrays fantastic geographies, exotic characters, exhausting quests, heroic battles with monsters, supernatural beings and natural forces. Most important of all, they are two outstanding stories of a great epic hero who is compelled to meet his destiny and who rises to every challenge with courage and determination. Beowulf is the earliest surviving epic poem written in a modern European languageRead More Beowulf vs. Gilgamesh as Epic Heroes Essay1025 Words   |  5 Pagesthese two time periods there stood two great men: Gilgamesh, the selfish, lustful king, and Beowulf the proud and boastful warrior. These two men, both powerful and well-respected, embody the true essence of what it means to be an epic hero. Gilgamesh’s lifestyle and rash decisions make him the perfect candidate for a life lesson by the gods. Beowulf and his boastful nature ultimately lead him to be great in life and to later fall. Finally, the two epic heroes both share some of the same good and badRead MoreCivilizations and Heroism in the Epic Poems of Gilgamesh and Beowulf624 Words   |  3 Pagesindividual society. The literature of Mesopotamia and Western Europe is a prime example of this. Beowulf, an Anglo-Germanic tale and The Epic of Gilgamesh, of the Sumerians, demonstrate perfectly, the ability of civiliza tions to convey the values and customs of their society through their literature. The setting for Beowulf is Scandinavia, before the time Christianity had spread its course. Beowulf, the title character is the hero in this tale. He possesses many of the typical heroic traits suchRead More Immortal Life vs. Immortal Name: Gilgamesh and Beowulf Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesImmortal Life vs. Immortal Name: Gilgamesh and Beowulf Death. Fate. Immortality. Destiny. All are subjects that we tend to avoid. While most of us hope for life after death, we tend not to dwell on this subject because we are uncomfortable with the unknown. On those rare occasions when we allow ourselves to think about the fact that our days are numbered, we wonder if death can be cheated and immortality gained. Some have suggested that being remembered is just as enduring as living forever. ThoughtsRead MoreA Critical Appraisal of: Beowulf and Gilgamesh Essay examples1640 Words   |  7 PagesA Critical Appraisal of: Beowulf and Gilgamesh There are many differences and critical comparisons that can be drawn between the epics of Beowulf and Gilgamesh. Both are historical poems which shape their respected culture and both have major social, cultural, and political impacts on the development of western civilization literature and writing. Before any analysis is made, it is vital that some kind of a foundation be established so that a further, in-depth exploration of the complex natureRead MoreCompare Contrast Gilgamesh and Beowulf1426 Words   |  6 PagesComparison and Contrast Essay Final Draft: Gilgamesh vs. Beowulf The epics of Beowulf and Gilgamesh are about a pair of heroes who had many common characteristics as well as characteristics that contradict one another. Beowulf is a Christian epic that roots from the Anglo Saxon culture. Throughout the plot, there are numerous biblical allusions. â€Å"Grendel who haunted the moors, the wild Marshes, and made his home in a hell not hell but earth. He was spawned in that slime, conceived by a pair ofRead MoreBeowulf vs. Gilgamesh1212 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf Vs. Gilgamesh The two cultures I chose to compare heroic values for are the ancient Mesopotamia and ancient Anglo-Saxon cultures. The texts I used in the comparison are Gilgamesh for Mesopotamia and Beowulf for Anglo-Saxon. Although they posses many similar heroic characteristics they also differ greatly. Beowulf is the earliest surviving epic poem written in a modern European language. It was written in Old English sometime before the tenth century A.D. The poem describes the adventuresRead MoreEssay on Infamy vs. Immortality: Beowulf and Gilgamesh611 Words   |  3 Pages catastrophe, might, and courage are all aspects of the epic legends of Beowulf and Gilgamesh. Though they subsisted in two utterly different historical eras, these epic heroes have numerous similarities and differences. For example, while they were booth deemed epic heroes, their mortalities were not equal. Beowulf had superhuman qualities such as having the strength of thirty men, but was born a mortal man. On the contrary, Gilgamesh was a demigod as he was born two-thirds god and one-third

The Misfit and the “Miss-Fit” Free Essays

Lewis, Anthony Dr. Sherry Forkum English 1A, Midterm 13 March 2013 The Misfit and the â€Å"Miss-Fit† Flannery O’Connor is an author who has written a score of short stories; however the author is remembered for one story in particular. The story revolved around a family that had problems just like any other normal family. We will write a custom essay sample on The Misfit and the â€Å"Miss-Fit† or any similar topic only for you Order Now This family’s problem was respecting each other and communication. The Family is taking a vacation to Florida when a longing for a stroll down memory lane hits the grandmother, who wants to see a house she had been to before. As the family approaches its destination, an accident takes place that leaves the family stranded on a dirt road where they meet the Misfit, an escaped convict from prison. The misfit would have helped the family out in getting the car working again, but the grandmother had to say â€Å"You’re The Misfit!†¦ I recognized you at once! (O’Connor, Flannery  ¶81)†, getting the whole family massacred because the Misfit could not have any witnesses able to report a location of his whereabouts. Although this story sounds straightforward, there are some ironic twists discovering who the real Misfit of this story is for example. In O’Connor’s short story, A Good Man is Hard to Find, O’Connor writes to depict the true â€Å"miss-fit† in the story to be the grandmother. Red Sammy and his wife were symbolic of the best of mankind. The couple was the epitome of what normal citizens would call good-natured people. Red Sammy gave assistance to a couple of gentlemen that needed gas. When the guys told Sammy a bit about themselves, Sammy gave them a helping hand, and generously offered to give them gas on credit. The gentlemen stiffed Sammy the money they owed him and gave indecency in return. The grand-mother, Red Sammy, and his wife discuss the evil nature of the times and decide that, although they themselves may be good people, ‘a good man is hard to find. ’(â€Å"O’Connor’s Short Stories: Summary and Analysis: â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find†Ã¢â‚¬   ¶12)† On top of being a very generous man, Sammy also symbolized a sort of warning for the family. â€Å"I felt ‘Red Sammy’ represented a type of prophet in the story, speaking to the Grandmother directly about how trust was becoming dissolute †¦. He was the family’s ‘red flag (Lucy Tonic  ¶ 12)†. All the talk of dishonest people is extremely ironic since the family gets into an accident and find out that help was found in none other than the Misfit and a couple of other convicts. In A Good Man is Hard to find, Bailey and his wife were not the two most powerful people in this story, they are very easy to manipulate and they let people walk all over them. They did not even have a large role to play in the story. Their characters were put in the story to build suspense during the conversation between the Misfit and the grandmother. This build up let the readers feel like the grandmother may have a chance to be spared. â€Å"It’s not far from here, I know,† the grandmother said. â€Å"It wouldn’t take over twenty minutes. † Bailey was looking straight ahead. His jaw was as rigid as a horseshoe. â€Å"No,† he said (O’Connor, Flannery  ¶48-49). This man is letting his kids behave like little brats allowing them to scream and yell for far too long before he whips the car to the side of the road to yell at the kids to shut up. Although the parents may have been incompetent in raising their children they, like their infant child, should not have had to suffer their fate. The children in the story, although obnoxious and completely disrespectful to all the characters, also play a role that is inherent behavior to most kids. Kids have mostly acted with bad manners and disrespect in the past because the lesson has not been learned that respect is essential to living in society. It is the responsibility of the parents to teach the meaning of respect and general manners to children. June Star, the daughter of Bailey and the mother, is a downright disrespectful little brat that needs to be taught the most about manners and appropriate comments to strangers. The girl has no boundaries in place because it is obvious the parents do not have a discipline routine, and the parents just get rolled over by the children. â€Å"Though she’s cute, she’s just plain nasty to everybody, as learned pretty early on in the story from the way she treats her grandmother (â€Å"June Star. †  ¶1)†. John Wesley, the son of Bailey and the mother, is similar to June Star however not as ruthless a character. This is because between the Grandmother and June there is little time to be on the same playing field in respect to cold-heartedness. The baby is by far the most innocent character in the story. This is because the baby is still a newborn that does not have the brain development to act based on its current knowledge. â€Å"The baby’s sleeping when it’s shot†¦it’s the easiest member of the family for whom we feel sorry (â€Å"The Baby†  ¶1)†. This is because the baby never even had a chance and died all because the Grandmother made an idiotic comment to a convicted felon ensuring the family’s fate. The Misfit and his posse are a small group of outlaws who broke out of jail and are attempting to remain hidden from the authorities. Albeit an individual who is looked down upon by society for committing heinous crimes, throughout the story the Misfit plays the role of a convict with a sense of acceptance towards being a bad man. â€Å"If He did what He said, then it’s nothing for you to do but thow away everything and follow Him, and if He didn’t, then it’s nothing for you to do but enjoy the few minutes you got left the best way you can by killing somebody or burning down his house or doing some other meanness to him. No pleasure but meanness. (â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†  ¶136)† This illustrates the Misfit’s persona and shows that he does not care about taking another’s life in order to give his life a purpose. Due to the behavior and the overall actions, the Misfit fit the role of the convict character therefore could not be considered the true misfit. Throughout the conversation with the grandmother, the Misfit seems to be a polite gentleman regardless of his misdeeds. â€Å"†I’m sorry I don’t have on a shirt before you ladies,† he said, hunching his shoulders slightly (O’Connor, Flannery,  ¶100)†. This shows that he is not a terrible person and he probably just got caught in the wrong place at the wrong time, but at this point he has accepted his fate as a bad man on the run. The Grandmother, not ever mentioned by name in the story, is the absolute shadiest character of all. The Grandmother has this holier than thou attitude that could not be more wrong. Not only is the she hypocritical but also a master manipulator as well. The Grandmother tries to get her way by sing news clippings of the Misfit’s escape as a reason that the family should take a trip to Tennessee instead of Florida. â€Å"The grandmother says that ‘[she] wouldn’t take [her] children in any direction with a criminal like [the Misfit] aloose in it. [She] couldn’t answer to her conscious if [she] did. ’ Ironically, this is exactly what she does when she tempts her family into visiting the old house (Krista  ¶36). † Although the Grandmother’s initial idea of taki ng the trip in Tennessee would have been better, the intentions of going to Tennessee, however, were strictly selfish. She manipulated the kids into thinking that there was a house with secret panels that held untold amounts of hidden family treasure so that Bailey would turn the car around to go and visit the old house. This action was the final straw that led the family down a road that would lead them directly into the path of the Misfit. As the family drove down the dirt road that led to the house with the â€Å"treasure† the senile old lady suddenly came to the realization that the house the family was driving to, was not in Georgia, but in Tennessee instead. The thought was so embarrassing that she turned red in the face and her eyes dilated and her feet jumped up, upsetting her valise in the corner. The instant the valise moved, the newspaper top she had over the basket under it rose with a snarl and Pitty Sing, the cat, sprang onto Bailey’s shoulder (O’Connor, Flannery  ¶63)†. The Grandmother freaked out causing Bailey to drive off the road and flip the car around . Throughout the story all of the characters commit actions or make comments that make everybody in the story sound insane. The Misfit and his gang all commit atrocious crimes and have no remorse about committing those crimes. The children both act like spawns of Satan, throwing temper tantrums to get what they want, being disrespectful to others and to the family as well. Red Sammy and his wife, is a couple that is very rapidly losing hope for all people in the world thinking that there is no decency left in mankind. The Grandmother, however, takes the cake so to speak on being in denial about who she is as a person. She thinks she is above the rest of the characters in overall behavior as far as common courtesy. This makes her the worst character in the story because she is an evil character that hides behind this facade of a good person. Works Cited â€Å"The Baby. † Shmoop. Shmoop University, Inc, 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. http://www. shmoop. com/good-man-hard-to-find/the-baby. html. â€Å"June Star. † Shmoop. Shmoop University, 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. http://www. shmoop. com/good-man-hard-to-find/june-star. html. Krista, Emily, Rach, Nick Light, and James Leonard. â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find. † Analysis of Flannery O’Connor’s Short Story. Debra Bell, 8 Oct. 2009. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. O’Connor, Flannery. â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find. † A Good Man Is Hard to Find. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. lt;http://pegasus. cc. ucf. edu/~surette/goodman. html;. â€Å"O’Connor’s Short Stories: Summary and Analysis: â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find†Ã¢â‚¬  Cliffs Notes. Cliffsnotes. com, n. d. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. ;http://www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/literature/oconnor-short-stories/summary-analysis/a-good-man-is-hard-to-find. html;. Tonic, Lucy. à ¢â‚¬Å"Analysis of Flannery O’ Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find†Ã¢â‚¬  Yahoo! Voices. Yahoo! Contributor Network, 17 Aug. 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. ;http://voices. yahoo. com/analysis-flannery-o-connors-good-man-hard-11673144. html;. How to cite The Misfit and the â€Å"Miss-Fit†, Essay examples

Relationship between Income Inequality & Crime-Samples for Students

Question: Write a Reflective essay over relationship between income inequality and crime. Answer: This reflective essay is based on the topic income inequality and crime. It is based over two previous assessments which are also based on the same topic. There are various reasons which are responsible for occurrence of crime and income inequality is one of those aspects which lead to occurrence in crime. In order to control crime rate, it is necessary to develop strict rules and regulations. Penalties associated with the crime are majorly responsible for the crime rate. Apart from the income, there are various sociological factors which affect the crime rate and some of those sociological factors are unfair treatment, discrimination practices, etc. The major focus of this reflection essay will be based over the relationship between income inequality and crime. I have learnt that income inequality plays crucial role in occurrence of crime and income distribution is one of those factors which lead to occurrence of crime in developed countries. Globalisation is also one of those factors which lead to occurrence of crime as it has filches employment opportunities from the local residents (Pickett Wilkinson, 2015). I have also realised that multinational and other large companies are moving towards the cheap markets of Asian countries in order to reduce cost of production and this has generated unemployment in the developed countries. People have lost their jobs due to globalisation and due to aggressive competition. In these scenarios, people have moved towards the negative aspects such as crime and other related activities for their livelihoods. I have learnt that information technology has acquired a large part of the market and with this, requirement of skilled and educated labours have been increased. Due to this, unskilled labours do not get relevant chance to justify themselves. Therefore they choose alternative ways for their survival and for improving their financial conditions (Cooper, Kennelly, Durazo-Arvizu, Oh, Kaplan Lynch, 2016). According to my experience, for living a healthy and basic life, it is necessary to get educated, skilled and gain specialization in any field as per the individuals interest. This helps an individual to find the most appropriate manner in order to get a job or find a way to satisfy his or her needs. But people who could not able to get all these facilities due to low financial conditions or due to other factors such as low cast, discriminatory practices followed by the rich and high class people, etc. This decreases the morale of the people and fills an immense level frustration to prove themselves in front of the society irrespective of the way chosen and sometimes, this let them towards anti-social activities to bring out frustration as well as to prove themselves. I have researched on this topic and found that majorly it is seen in under developed countries (Enamorado, Lpez-Calva, Rodrguez-Casteln Winkler, 2016). This is because those countries have various issues such as high u nemployment rate, huge population, practices of unfair treatment, discrimination, etc. Due to these factors, competition amongst the individuals increases and people who are skilled enough get the opportunity and uneducated and unskilled people chose the anti-social way to survive as well as to fulfil their basic needs. Though, anti-social activities are risky but people with less education and with fewer capabilities adopt these ways to snatch the money from rich people along with ignoring the risk involved in those activities (Buttrick Oishi, 2017). Distribution of income is based over the individuals effectiveness and efficiency but sometimes, people found this distribution system of income as unfair treatment which leads to generation of disputes. As per the discussion in previous tasks that before 1965, US were suffering from huge crime rate and the major reason behind was lack of education. Most of the criminals arrested were found college dropouts and they take support of anti-social activities for their livelihoods as well as to attain the higher position in the life. Crime is associated with acquiring short term benefits and these cannot be obtained from the legal activities. I have also learnt that therefore, poor people are generally found engaged in executing illegal activities for acquiring short term benefits. Rich people need to put comparatively less efforts to attain success because they receive luxury and comfort from their birth. On the other hand, poor people need to fight with circumstances to uplift their lif e standards. This is the major reason that I had learnt from studying the relationship between income inequality and crime. Poor people found illegal way ore easier in compared to legal activities for gaining success and growth in their life (Eckenrode, Smith, McCarthy Dineen, 2014). Crime has several types such as theft, robbery, kidnapping, murder, extortion, etc. All these are performed for different objectives but the major objective is earning or snatching money in short period of time. I have also learnt that there are various other objectives which lead to occurrence of crime and dissatisfaction is one of those perspectives. Dissatisfaction towards life, towards work and other parts may force the individual to opt the negative manner or anti-social activity for reducing the gap between dissatisfaction and satisfaction as this seems to be the shortest way to overcome with the issues. This can be understood with the research that daily more than 200,000 rape cases are being reported across the globe. Apart from recorded cases, there are various other which are not reported due to societys pressure, or due to other sorts of pressure (Thompson Gartner, 2014). Rape is also a part of crime but this is not because income inequality, infect this is due to dissati sfaction. To stop these types of illegal practices, according to my point of view, government authorities should impose heavy penalties on such criminal practices. Penalties and crimes both have unique and direct connection, the more will be penalty, crime rate will be less but in the countries where penalties for such incidents are not heavy or strict, and occurrence rate of crime is quite high (Pare Felson, 2014). In relevance with the relationship amongst the crime rate and thee income inequality, it has been observed that there are various countries in the globe which have controlled this rate. In order to remove this to the fullest, it is necessary to adopt certain crucial and advanced measures. As per my opinion, the only way to stop these crimes are imposing penalties and providing all those facilities and the services to the poor people who could easily be consumed and attained by rich people easily and effectively. This will generate equal opportunities for both rich and poor people and on the basis of capabilities and efficiency; they will get their roles accordingly. Government bodies should also introduce certain awareness programs through which people should be informed regarding the penalties for performing any type of illegal activities. Apart from this, I have also experienced that fear is not the only measure to stop crime; there are several others also such as reducing the gap of income inequality (Schneider, 2016). Apart from these factors, disposable income of an individual is also a great source of increasing the unequal distribution of income. Rich people are majorly found doing this and this is known as showing less total earned income in order to reduce the tax payable to the government (Rueda Stegmueller, 2016). This ultimately reduces the purchasing power of the consumers and hence, it leads to black money. Corruption is the biggest limitation of inequality in income distribution system (Cheung Lucas, 2016). Thus, I suggest the government to develop strong rules, regulations and the policies for collection of tax and revenues so that rich people could not be able to show less income compared to the actual earned income. This will increase the earning of government and thus, they will easily be able to adopt certain effective measures to provide better facilities and services to poor people in order to reduce unequal distribution of income. Ultimately it will help the country to increas e its GDP as well as provide opportunities for being a developed country (Wang, Pan Luo, 2015). According to my opinion, in order to reduce the crime rate, country and its authorities are responsible for taking certain crucial steps in order to generate and provide employment opportunities, opportunity to learn as well as sundry other opportunities to prove their capabilities. This will help the poor people to get a satisfactory as well as effective chance to grow along with their families. This will also leads to increase in the GDP of the country which will ultimately result in growth and development of the whole country (Kawachi Subramanian, 2014). Thus, it could be said that income inequality is the strong evidence of increasing criminal activities. These activities are also known as anti-social and illegal activities. This reflective essay is based over my personal experience, learning and opinions over relationship between income inequality and crime. There are various reasons which are discussed in this essay which are responsible for the generation of crime. Various strategies have also been discussed in relevance with reducing the crime rate. References Buttrick, N. R., Oishi, S. (2017). The psychological consequences of income inequality.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,11(3). Cheung, F., Lucas, R. E. (2016). Income inequality is associated with stronger social comparison effects: The effect of relative income on life satisfaction.Journal of personality and social psychology,110(2), 332. Cooper, R. S., Kennelly, J. F., Durazo-Arvizu, R., Oh, H. J., Kaplan, G., Lynch, J. (2016). Relationship between premature mortality and socioeconomic factors in black and white populations of US metropolitan areas.Public health reports. Cushing, L., Morello-Frosch, R., Wander, M., Pastor, M. (2015). The haves, the have-nots, and the health of everyone: the relationship between social inequality and environmental quality.Annual Review of Public Health,36. Eckenrode, J., Smith, E. G., McCarthy, M. E., Dineen, M. (2014). Income inequality and child maltreatment in the United States.Pediatrics,133(3), 454-461. Enamorado, T., Lpez-Calva, L. F., Rodrguez-Casteln, C., Winkler, H. (2016). Income inequality and violent crime: Evidence from Mexico's drug war.Journal of Development Economics,120, 128-143. Kawachi, I., Subramanian, S. V. (2014). Income inequality.Social epidemiology,126. Pare, P. P., Felson, R. (2014). Income inequality, poverty and crime across nations.The British journal of sociology,65(3), 434-458. Pickett, K. E., Wilkinson, R. G. (2015). Income inequality and health: a causal review.Social science medicine,128, 316-326. Rueda, D., Stegmueller, D. (2016). The externalities of inequality: Fear of crime and preferences for redistribution in Western Europe.American Journal of Political Science,60(2), 472-489. Schneider, S. M. (2016). Income inequality and subjective wellbeing: Trends, challenges, and research directions.Journal of Happiness Studies,17(4), 1719-1739. Thompson, S. K., Gartner, R. (2014). The spatial distribution and social context of homicide in Torontos neighborhoods.Journal of research in crime and delinquency,51(1), 88-118. Wang, P., Pan, J., Luo, Z. (2015). The impact of income inequality on individual happiness: Evidence from China.Social Indicators Research,121(2), 413-435.

Basic Information About Maps

Basic Information About Maps We see them every day, we use them when we travel, and we refer to them often, but what is a map? Map Defined A map is defined as a representation, usually on a flat surface, of a whole or part of an area. The job of a map is to describe spatial relationships of specific features that the map aims to represent. There are many different types of maps that attempt to represent specific things. Maps can display political boundaries, population, physical features, natural resources, roads, climates, elevation (topography), and economic activities. Maps are produced by cartographers. Cartography refers both the study of maps and the process of map-making. It has evolved from basic drawings of maps to the use of computers and other technologies to assist in making and mass producing maps. Is a Globe a Map? A globe is a map. Globes are some of the most accurate maps that exist. This is because the earth is a three-dimensional object that is close to spherical. A globe is an accurate representation of the spherical shape of the world. Maps lose their accuracy because they are actually projections of a part of or the entire Earth. Map Projections There are several types of map projections, as well as several methods used to achieve these projections. Each projection is most accurate at its center point and becomes more distorted the further away from the center that it gets. The projections are generally named after either the person who first used it, the method used to produce it, or a combination of the two. Some common types of map projections include: MercatorTransverse MercatorRobinsonLambert Azimuthal Equal AreaMiller CylindricalSinusoidal Equal AreaOrthographicStereographicGnomonicAlbers Equal Area Conic In-depth explanations of how the most common map projections are made can be found on this USGS website, complete with diagrams and explanations of uses and advantages to each. Mental Maps The term mental map refers to the maps that arent actually produced and just exist in our minds. These maps are what allow us to remember the routes that we take to get somewhere. They exist because people think in terms of spatial relationships and vary from person to person because they are based on ones own perception of the world. Evolution of Maps Maps have changed in many ways since maps were first used. The earliest maps that have withstood the test of time were made on clay tablets. Maps were produced on leather, stone, and wood. The most common medium for producing maps on is, of course, paper. Today, however, maps are produced on computers, using software such as GIS or Geographic Information Systems. The way maps are made has also changed. Originally, maps were produced using land surveying, triangulation, and observation. As technology advanced, maps  were made using aerial photography, and then eventually remote sensing, which is the process used today. The appearance of maps has evolved along with their accuracy. Maps have changed from basic expressions of locations  to works of art, extremely accurate, mathematically produced maps. Map of the World Maps are generally accepted as precise and accurate, which is true  but only to a point. A map of the entire world, without distortion of any kind, has yet to be produced; therefore it is vital that one questions where that distortion is on the map that they are using.

Trench Warfare Essays - Trench Warfare, Military Science

Trench Warfare Essays - Trench Warfare, Military Science Trench Warfare World War I was a military conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918. It was a modern war with airplanes, machine guns, and tanks. However, the commanders often fought World War I as if it were a 19th Century war. They would march their troops across open land into the face of machine guns and often slaughter. As a result of this action, a tactic known as trench warfare was implemented. The most recent use of use of trench warfare, before World War I, took place during the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). This war attracted worldwide attention among military authorities that were interested in studying the latest technology used in war. Many viewed trench warfare to be an effective tactic against enemy advancement. Because of this view, trench warfare proved to be, in World War I, an ineffective and traumatizing experience for all. In September 1914, the German commander, General Erich von Falkenhayn ordered his troops to dig trenched that would provide protection from the allied troops. When the allies reached the trench, they soon realized that they could not break through the line that the trench provided. They also realized that the trench provided the Germans with shelter from their fire. Soon after, the allies began to dig their own trenches and, therefore, trench warfare began. Not very long, after the first trenches of the war were dug, a network of trenches arose. This network spread across France and Belgium for many miles. Within the network, there were three different types of trenches: front line trenches, support trenches, and reserve trenches. The first line of trenches was called front line trenches. These were usually two meters deep and had a zigzag pattern to prevent enemy fire from sweeping the entire length of the trench. In order to prevent the trench form caving in, sandbags were stacked against the trench walls. Between the trenches of opposing forces laid no man's land. This area between the opposing front line trenches was filled with barbwire and mines to prevent enemy crossing. If a soldier was ever injured in no man's land, he usually was killed because of his vulnerability to enemy fire. The second and third types of trenches were the support and reserve trenches, respectively. These trenches were constructed to easily move supplies and troops to the front trenches. All of the trenches were linked to each other by other trenches, underground tunnels, or telephone communications networks. Barbwire was also stretched across the line to protect from enemy attack. While the design of the trenches and the network of trenches seemed like a great tactic, the reality of the life in the trenches was a different story. Life in the trenches took its toll on the soldiers involved in the war. The soldiers in the front line trenches often stayed there for at least 10 days at a time, usually with very little sleep. Katczinsky is right when he says it would not be such a bad war if only one could get more sleep. In the line we have next to none, and fourteen days is a long time at one stretch(p.2). The main reason that soldiers on the front line could not sleep was to be on guard against enemy sneak attacks. Another reason that the soldiers were very tired is that night was used as a time for preparation and maintenance of the trenches. The trenches were constantly being destroyed, either by enemy shellfire, or water damage. Many times, soldiers would be buried alive by the collapsing trench walls. Paul, in All Quiet on the Western Front, states Our trench is almost gone. At many places, it is only eighteen inches high, it is broken by holes, and craters, and mountains of earth.(p.107). Along with very little sleep and the destruction of trenches, soldiers also had to worry about contracting trench foot. Trench foot is an infection of the feet caused by wet and insanitary conditions. Soldiers stood for hours on end in waterlogged trenches without being able to remove wet socks or boots. This caused their feet to gradually go numb and their skin to turn red or blue. If these conditions went untreated, they would turn gangrenous and result in amputation. Another major concern for

Political Economy (Canada and the Global Political Economy) Essay - 4

Political Economy (Canada and the Global Political Economy) - Essay Example evident that, had those lessons been adopted most of the negative effects of the Global financial crisis of 2007 and 2008 would have been avoided (Norton, 2010). The Bretton woods system set out in the 1940s was synonymous with fixed exchange rates. As time passed and growth was evident in many parts of the world, the system changed with market forces. The Bretton woods system encouraged growth in many countries of the world which and that encouraged expansions. On the same note, apart from Japan all other industrialized countries had a managed inflation rate, lower interest rates and improved per capita income, few years after setting up of the Bretton institutions (Norton, 2010). While addressing whether lesson learnt from Bretton Woods systems would have worked for the global crisis, it is important to note that crises are usually worsened by â€Å"contagion effect†. The down fall of the Lehman Brothers had a spiral effect. The most significant pointer to the collapse of the world economy during the global crisis of 2007/2008 was lapse in regulation. Most central banks were blamed for inapt leadership by failure to regulate despite the imminent economic imbalance. For example, the regulators failed in their role by allowing Lehman Brothers to go bankrupt. Due to that bankruptcy, many other lending institutions panicked and refused to lend and that encouraged contagion that helped to spread the crisis further (Chornyy, 2011). Like the 2007/2008 global crisis, the Bretton woods system had challenges but the difference is evident in the manner in which the challenges were handled. For example, the Bretton woods system faced liquidity problems since the dollar was the fulcrum of the entire system and the USA which was biggest player in that regard had challenges. The Bretton system also faced a problem of adjustment. This was because most of the member countries took a considerable length of time to pay their debts. The most significant contributor to the

Should Marijuana be legalized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should Marijuana be legalized - Essay Example Currently, there are many critics of the said law who advocate the legalization of marijuana. In fact, ten states (California, Colorado, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, and Oregon) have started to decriminalize it by imposing fines instead for possession rather the jail time as punishment. There are sectors who argue that the substance is not harmful and, hence, should be excluded from the illegal narcotics classification, in effect, criminalizing its possession. This paper will investigate whether this argument has merit and that it is reasonable to decriminalize its possession and use. There are two major arguments behind the call to legalize marijuana. The first is the reasoning that it is not harmful to health. Proponents often cite medical studies and research that find marijuana as a safe drug. For example, there is the Drug Enforcement Administration own administrative judge Francis Young, who declared in his 1988 decision to recommend marijuana’s legalization that: â€Å"Marijuana, in its natural form, is one of the safest therapeutically active substance known to mankind† (Barton 64). In this respect, Gieringer, Rosenthal and Carter (2008) further underscored that in animal experiments, the lethal dose of cannabis would be approximately 20,000 to 40,000 times than that of the normal dose and would require the intake of 40-80 pounds of marijuana (1). They referred to the current statistics that, so far, no fatality has ever been recorded out of cannabis overdose. The second point often cited by those in favor of legalizing marijuana is that this issue has become akin to the situation during the Prohibition era when the ban of alcohol has resulted to crime and corruption. The idea is that by legalizing cannabis, a source of funds would be denied on the criminal organizations that currently profit enormously from the underground trade. In addition, says Gomberg

Genius, the figure of the artist (Art History) (comparative textual Essay

Genius, the figure of the artist (Art History) (comparative textual analysis, 1st yr undergraduate) - Essay Example This paper will discuss the differences of two artists: their works and their words for their works. It will decipher the reality of their art as well as the messages conveyed whether or not the word reflect the art or just a pigment of their imagination. It will be focused on Latin Americans Federico Uribe and Doris Salcedo, both 20th century sculptures. describe and discuss the differences regarding the figure of the artist in each case; Doris Salcedo An artist is usually defined and remembered for their impact as well as their influences that usually will be associated with them even when they deny it. Doris Salcedo, however, emphasized â€Å"the autonomy of the art work† (Merewether, 1180). She defined the art work further as an imposition by a reality such as the Colombian civil war, and that even the artist claimed to have been un-able to choose the themes that inform (1181). Salcedo added that â€Å"The oft-celebrated freedom of the artist is a myth,† (Merewether , 1181). For Salcedo, the artists is like an instrument, and in her case, referred to Lithuanian philosopher Emmanuel Levinas who had to respond to the â€Å"urgency of its assignment† and even the artists cannot make up for being tardy. Salcedo added, â€Å"I am not the one who chooses; my themes are given to me, reality is given to me, the presence of each victim imposes itself,† (quoted by Merewether, 1181). In Unland featuring tables, the familiar becomes strange as another part of a table overlaps the other, like a fallen bridge, that needs to be fixed in order to get to the other end. Salcedo explained that Unland is about tragic heroes or victims of violence who had to endure and that in enduring, they will need to shut themselves up, be mute and silent as in Franz Rosenzweig’s The Star Redemption (Merewether, 1181). In the image or art work, a message is conveyed but only through silence where the viewer can contemplate what is being communicated,  "the experience of the victim as something present – a reality that resounds within the silence of each human being that gazes upon it,† (Merewether, 1181). Here, Salcedo concluded that â€Å"the work of art preserves life† and that it allows another connection and interaction between two people who have different realities (Merewether, 1882). Federico Uribe Federico Uribe’s works provides an interesting mix of color, texture, common disposable objects and curiosity. His is identifiable and unique in a way that he will be remembered once his art was known. One does not need to extract any explanation or description of his work to classify his work as art. An artist, as described by Pressley, transcends time, and â€Å"[is] not to copy servilely, reproducing common nature as in a Dutch still life in all its mechanical facility, but was to strive for nature perfected, le belle nature, which distilled an ideal beauty based on general principles. This high-mi nded art had the ethical purpose of inculcating virtue and the artist increasingly needed to guard against the pitfalls of a commercialized culture that would have pictures cater to private passions (15). Uribe described his initiation as an artist to be a â€Å"very painful process of self-knowledge† as it was clear what he did not want and that his evolution as an artist was sort of a reaction to this denial. Interestingly, Uribe described his works as interplay of words, yet the process of working was slow, tedious and

Tense and aspect

Tense and aspect Tense and aspect are the most important grammatical categories for expressing time and temporal relations in English. For me, I will share my experience Now I am an English teacher at Udonthani Vocational College. I teach many English courses such as English for communication 2 , English Conversation , Business English .In each course I have taught 4 language skills such as listening skill, writing skill, speaking skill and reading skill. Students must learn every language skills because English is very important . If you want to communicate English very well you must practice 4 language skills. According to the topic 28 Tense and aspect They are very necessary in teaching grammar. Students must learn how to use tense and aspect. I will teach every English course but I dont teach them all at the same time. The aim of teaching tense and aspect is to study various linguistic approaches to the description of tense and aspect in English Moreover the course description will be the focus of the ways of expressing present, past, future time. Now I will explain you some English course that I teach in this semester. Before start teaching I will study the course discription from the Vocational Education Commission curriculum. After that I will construc the course syllabus follow the the curriculum. I do the course outline by myself. Then I will study the content and provide the lesson which related the course description from many textbooks. I choose some content and combine to one book. For example I teach English for Conversation 2 (2000-1202) for the first year student in accounting field. I teach 18 Weeks in each semester. I must plan my teaching 9 units (1 unit per 2 week) I will choose some tense and aspect to teach in each unit . In unit one I taught about family . I will choose Present Tense of verb to be and verb to do. Students must know the structure of Tense . How or when to use it? How to make Wh-question. In unit 2 I taught about keeping a diary. Students must know and understand Past Simple Tense. They can tell the story in the past . The most important thing before to teach teacher must prepare their teaching and lesson plan . Teacher must improve teaching method and strategies The teachers must know the meaning of tense and aspect and also had understanding .I will show you the content as follow: What is Tense? The Definition of Tense (noun) : a form of a verb used to indicate the time . Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to time. There are three main principle of tenses . They are past tense , present tense and future tense. I will explain the meaning of each Tense. First, Present Tense verb show something is happening right now or at the present time. Second, Past tense verbs which tell about actions which happened some time ago are past tense verbs . Third, Future tense mean verbs which tell about actions which are going to happen are future tense verbs. Many languages use tenses to talk about time. Other language have no tenses, but of course they can still talk about time, using different methods. I will talk about time in English with tense. For example: Jirapon goes to temple. ( Present Tense) Udom went to school yesterday ( Past Tense) Suki will go to school tomorrow ( Future Tense) What is aspect? Aspect expresses a feature of the action related to time such as completion rod duration. Present simple and past simple tenses have no aspect. Aspect always include Perfect Tenses and Progressive or continuous Tense .For example: Perfective aspect ( be+ ing) My parents have lived in Udon Thani since last October. I have studied English since last year. Progressive aspect ( have+ past participle) They are reading newspaper in the room. David is washing his car at home. There are many words that are time clues; some can be used to indicate a number of tenses, for instance that something happened in the past or that it will happen in the future. If you learn to recognize these time clues, you will find them very helpful. Note that some time clues can be used with more than one verb tense and also that this table is not a complete listing of all the time clues that can be used with all of the tenses Lesson Plan Subject: English For Communication 2 Level: Certificate 1 Instructor : Mrs. Sutida Intawai Objectives : Students will be able to: 1.to inductively review both struture and names of basic tenses Content: Vocabulary : Food, nationalities, dates and time, restaurants Structures : Present simple tense Present continuous tense Present perfect tense Present perfect continuous tense Past simple tense Past continuous tense Past perfect tense Past perfect continuous tense Future simple tense Future continuous tense Future perfect tense Future perfect continuous tense Functions : 1. Talking about Tense and aspect Teaching procedures /Activities: Warm up / Lead in : 1. The teacher greets students and tell them that they are going to learn about outline goals for todays class. Presentation: 1.Teacher presents the charts of structure of tense and aspect .Let them guess the kind of tense and aspect. Practice: Teacher divide students into groups of 2 to 4 Have students take personal information quiz in groups Check answers as a class, ask students to quickly speak about what they have learned about their fellow students Production: Have groups identify tense names used in question Give auxiliary verb exercise to students to be done individually Correct auxiliary exercise in class Wrap up: Teacher and students discuss and summarize about this unit together. Teacher suggests students for further study by searching for more information from other resources for example, internet , library , newspaper and Self Access Learning Center in the college. Teaching aids/materials: Chart Authentic material; newspaper , food menu Textbook Evaluation and measurement: Observing the participation in class Correcting the exercises Personal note: Language Points: Affirmative Sentence: Present Simple (I do, work, like etc.) She works in the office. They talk about their project. Subject Verb I / We / You /They work talk use play watch do He / She / It works talks uses plays watches does Example: I live in Nakonnayok but my sister lives in Prachinburi. ( We use the present simple for things that are true in general, or for things that happen sometimes or all the times) I walk to school. The museum open at 09.00 a.m. and closes at 05.30 p.m. Suda goes to work in the morning. He does everything that she asks. (We use the present simple with always/ never/ often / usually / sometimes) We always travel by train. I often try to fix my computer. He washes his car every weekend. She usually carries her note book computer to work. Negative Sentences: Pattern: I dont + verb (present simple negative) Example: Santa doesnt come. The racing car doesnt slow. Subject Auxiliary Verb + not Verb I / You / We / They don t work He / She / It doesnt work I drink coffee but I dont drink tea. The children dont play in the park. Mary doesnt go to the library. She drinks tea but she doesnt drink coffee. Question Sentence: Pattern: Do you.. (Present simple question).? Example: Do they work? Does she work? Auxiliary Verb Subject Verb +? Do I /we / you / they work? Does He / she/ it work? Do you smoke? No, I dont. Do they speak English? Yes, they do. Does she work hard? Yes, she does Does your brother live in Bangkok? No, he does. Worksheet 1 Personal Information Quiz 1. When did you last see a film? 2. How many times have you been abroad? 3. What type of books do you like reading? 4. When were you born? 5. How long have you been learning English? 6. What will the weather be like tomorrow? 7. What were you doing at 7 oclock yesterday evening? 8. What are your parents doing? 9. Where are your classes taught? 10. What are you going to do after this course finishes? What are the names of the tenses used in the above question? 1. Present simple tense 2. Present continuous tense 3. Present perfect tense 4. Present perfect continuous tense 5. Past simple tense 6. Past continuous tense 7. Past perfect tense 8 Past perfect continuous tense 9. Future simple tense 10. Future continuous tense 11. Future perfect tense 12. Future perfect continuous tense From http://esl.about.com Worksheet 2 Complete the table using examples from the text in activity B1 Worksheet 3 Match the verb forms (1-6) with their main concepts (a-f) Worksheet 4 Writing : Simple present Tense In conclusion, Tense and aspect are still problem for Thai learners. There are many error when do they speak and confuse because they speak English similar Thai speaking. They have many problems such as word order and use tense mistake. For example: I am not enjoy this film. Lets leave. What do you eating now? etc. So the teacher of English should develop their teaching and try to teach students learning by doing. Students will gain English language skill especially Tense and aspect from teacher as well. Reference Heather Jones Ken Method Fast track 1 A communication Course in Everyday English ( 20001201) Educated Co.,Ltd. 2003 Tawee Omak .English for communication 2 ( 2000-1202) Aimphan Press Co.,Ltd. 2009 Tricia Hedge Teaching and Learning in the Language Classroom . Oxford University press.2008 http://esl.about.com www.athabascau.cea

Darmok at Tanagra Cunningham and Kehle at Bloomington Gauss With Chalk

Darmok at Tanagra Cunningham and Kehle at Bloomington Gauss With Chalk in Hand This essay is the first of three short reflexive papers intended to identify the issues and implications that result from viewing mathematics education through a semiotic lens. By mathematics education I mean to include consideration of mathematics itself as a discipline of on-going human activity, the teaching and learning of mathematics, and any research that contributes to our understanding of these preceding enterprises. More specifically my current interests are in disentangling the confusion among the mathematics education community regarding the epistemological foundations of mathematics, the meaning and usefulness of constructivism as a theory of learning, and how these two issues are related to the learning and teaching of formal mathematical proof. Because I have found interdisciplinary approaches to the study of most anything both more fruitful and more enjoyable, I will employ such strategies in these papers. As a result, it may not always be clear that mathematics educat ion is my main concern--please rest assured that it is and that if I gain insight of value in that domain I will do my best to render to Caesar what is his. When Captain Picard and the Enterprise meet the Tamarians they encounter a communication problem that is eventually revealed by Data and Troi to be due to the Tamarians' "unusual", or as a less diplomatic Federation member might say "impaired", ability to use abstraction. Furthermore, as Raphael Carter points out on his WWW site, Data skates on even thinner ice when he concludes that a Tamarian's ego structure doesn't allow for what we think of as self identity. As a result the Tamarians communicate by citing hig... ... between subjective and objective, and deciding whether the Tamarians' language consists of an objectivist model ala Lakoff and Johson (1980). Trying to structure a situation in terms of such a consistent set of metaphors is in part like trying to structure that situation in terms of an objectivist model. What is left out are the experiential bases of the metaphors and what the metaphors hide. (p.220) Works Cited: Kieren, T., Gordon-Calvert, L., Reid, D. & Simmt, E. (1995). An enactivist research approach to mathematical activity: Understanding, reasoning, and beliefs. Paper presented at the meeting of the Ame rican Educational Research Association, San Francisco. Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Varela, F.J. , Thompson, E., and Rosch, E. (1992). The embodied mind. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Harvard business review Essay

For each team, by submitting the document online, you claim that the document is original from your own idea. Each team must work on the assignments independently. All the materials submitted will be checked for plagiarism electronically. For more information, please refer to http://www.plagiarism.org/ Should you have questions and concerns in regards to plagiarism, you should contact the course coordinator immediately. Content Tutorial III consists of two parts. The first part includes case discussion while the second part focuses on the feedback to the common mistakes in the intermediate exam. Requirements First, all the students are required to be present and participate in the discussion. Second, all the students are required to read the following two cases: Case Part A: Toyota—Under†the†Radar Recall Response on Page 346 of the textbook; Case – Quality Parts Company on Page 426 of the textbook. Each team is required to write a case note for these two cases. In the case note, you need to give answers to the questions proposed in the corresponding cases. The length of the case note is at most three A4 pages with font size 12 and 1.5 line space, excluding the figure of value stream mapping. For Case – Quality Parts Company, you are NOT required to answer Question 2 and 3. Instead, you need to draw a value stream map for the production process of Model Z based on the symbols which can be found in exhibit 12.3 on Page 409 in the text book. Suppose that customers order every month. After orders are realized, Quality Parts Company orders from suppliers every month. The company does weekly delivery. Inspection is immediately executed after assembly. Every week a production plan is generated which serves as a template for the daily planning activities performed by the production manager. How much value-added time and how much non-value-added time can be found in the production process? Note that you have to ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼1 use Microsoft Visio 2010 to draw the VSM. Otherwise, no mark is given. You can directly copy the diagram from Visio to Word. Presentation Team 7 of all the groups and Team 12 of IEM groups should present Toyota. Team 8 of all the groups and Team 13 of IEM groups should present Quality Parts. Team 9 of Group 2, 5, 7 should present Quality Parts. The teams present separately. Each presentation takes five minutes. Please use Microsoft Powerpoint to prepare your presentation and the number of slides is at most 5. Please copy your powerpoint file into a USB stick and bring it to the tutorial. To prepare the presentation for cases, you need to present the solutions to the questions proposed in the case description and give a convincing argument for your solutions. The performance of your presentation will be counted for class participation. Submission Your assignment will be graded only if it is submitted online in the fold of Assignment on Nestor by the deadline and a hard copy is passed to your tutorial teacher in class. The deadline is by 24:00 on October 15. Note that write down your names and student numbers at the first page of your document. For the case note, please name your file as groupnumber_teamnumber_case, such as g1_t1_case. Please print your file with a double†sided format. For your presentation file, you only need to give the hard copy of your slides to your tutorial teacher. Topic

Japanese HRM Analysis and The Lessons of An Effective International HR manager

Japanese HRM Analysis and The Lessons of An Effective International HR manager Free Online Research Papers Japanese HRM Analysis and The Lessons of An Effective International HR manager Japan is a highly complex and dynamic society that has experienced great changes in the past 125 years, with conversion from a feudal state into a modern industrialized nation and an economic superpower (Selmer, 2001). The Japanese have appreciated Western technology, science, education and politics, while maintaining their unique cultural identity. The collectiveness of Japanese culture has been carried over to the companies, where a job means identifying with a larger entity through which one gains pride and feeling of being part of something significant (Selmer, 2001). Human resource management (HRM) has been argued by many as an important factor in the success of Japanese companies on world markets when it experienced significant economic growth during the 1980s (Pudelko, 2004). With these successions and growth, the implementation of Japanese HRM to other Western countries is highly regarded. However, the Japanese economy after forty years of growth entered a period of sustained economic decrease in the early 1990s, with greater global competition, rigid employment and business systems, and a banking system on the edge of collapse (Benson, 2004). With these events, Japanese HRM has evolved significantly, and is providing lessons for international huma n resource mangers today. Japanese HRM has attracted a significant degree of attention from the West over the years. With the relative rise in the economic fortunes of Japanese companies, many have pointed towards the Japanese style of HRM as a source of competitive advantage (Beechler, 1994). It was noted that Japanese organizations put emphasis on human resources which are reflected in three HRM strategies, including an internal labor market, a company philosophy that expresses concerns for employee needs, and focus on cooperation and teamwork in a unique company environment (Beecher, 1994). With these three general Japanese HRM strategies, techniques of open communication, job rotation and internal training, a competitive appraisal system, importance of group work, consultative decision making, and concerns for employees are expressed. Also, Japanese firms use careful screening of job candidates to ensure that the qualifications fit with the value system and corporate culture of the business firm. With Jap anese style HRM, there are practices of job rotation, seniority based wages, long-term employment, implicit performance evaluation, hiring of graduates that receive extensive training and socialization into the company, team based employee activities, and a relatively small gap between white-collar and blue-collar workers in terms of benefits, salary and on-the-job perquisites. A notable characteristic of the economy is the cooperation of manufacturers, suppliers and distributors in closely knit groups called keiretsu. The keiretsu system is the framework of relationships in postwar Japans major banks and major firms. Related companies organized around a big bank, such as Mitsui, Mitsubishi, and Sumitomo, who have a large amount of equity in one another and in the banks (Dedoussis, 2001). The keiretsu system has the virtue of maintaining long term business relationships and stability in suppliers and customers. The keiretsu system has the disadvantage of reacting slowly to outside events since the players are partly protected from the external market. However, keiretsu relationships have helped members to share risks while allowing Japans large-scale enterprises to achieve considerable insulation from market forces (Dedoussis, 2001). Also, keiretsus can provide significant scale economies, highly incorporated vertical relationships, networking that confines competition, considerable foreign direct investment and important governmental influence. The political power in Japan is in the command of the twenty-one government ministries, which includes the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) (Keys et al, 1994). The Japanese political elites have played a critical role in choosing, from available local and foreign cultural options, those which are best suited to their needs. The high-growth economy of postwar Japan formed a unique style of capitalism in which managers and employees, rather than shareholders, were the key stakeholders of a company (Mizutani, 2003). However, Japans greatest recession since the post-second world war has stressed relationships among keiretsu members as key firms are forced to end established links with minor companies (Dedoussis, 2001).The breakdown of the keiretsu system of cross-shareholding and favored trading among member corporations of a business group has severely harmed the safety net of supporting the long-term growth strategy of Japanese firms and their ability to protect employees from downside market risks (Selmer, 2001; Gerlach, 1992). Deregulation is another force for change and has made Japanese markets more accessible to competitors, both foreign and domestic. In protected industries such as financial services, distribution and agriculture, there are only a few firms that are prepared for the challenge of competition and uncertainty (Lincoln and Nakata, 1997). Changes have been made in the cultural aspects of Japanese human resource management. Individual performance and results-oriented performance are replacing group performance and loyalty due to the new criteria for creating salary levels, with the principle of ‘freedom and self-responsibility for the independent individual (Takashi, 2003; Sanford, 1995). In a survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers Global Human Resource Solutions in the metropolitan Tokyo, it was examined that there has been a movement from a more traditional, collective/company orientation toward more self-orientation (Brislin, 2005). This new development can be seen as one element leading to a major shift in the depths of Japanese corporate society (Takashi, 2003) .The salary systems that link annual compensation to the attainment of company targets are now found in several Japanese firms. These changes in the salary system are in line with the development of the dual-promotion system which is distinguished between management responsibilities and titles on the one hand, and status and pay on the other hand. The aim is to make a transition from time-based promotion to performance-based promotion, an evolution in the Japanese HRM practices. There have also been changes to careers, recruitment and long-term employment. Formal management and supervisory training is gradually replacing informal on-the-job training (Selmer, 2001). There have also been other changes in Japanese management practices including cutbacks in bonuses and overtime payments. However, the significant characteristics of Japanese management, such as lifetime employment and the seniority system, appear to be resistant from change. The importance of long-term employment is to allow Japanese firms to apply technological innovation, which is facilitated and supported by the long term cultivation of employee skills through cross training (Drucker, 1981). However, due to the developments, retrenchments are now included in restructuring plans of Japanese firms. The seniority system is also an issue as there are not enough positions available to accommodate employees following the economic decline during the years. Long-term employment promotes harmonious ac tion and a sense of unity with a positive effect combined with Japans cultural background, as close human relationships are formed and community awareness increases when workers are employed over long periods (Baba, 2004). If employees are uncertain whether they may be laid off or not, labor relations become unstable and cooperative relationships are difficult to establish. In societies like Japan, in which a culture of encouraging cooperation has developed, a synergistic effect works through long-term employment and major benefits can be expected (Baba, 2004). The issue of the continued existence of unique Japanese human resources management practices has regained attention as Japanese firms feel the impact of the countrys economic battles. The perspective that Japanese management is fading does not appear to be completely unsupported as few of the human resources management practices have escaped change. Firms are decreasing the number of new recruits with structural shifts evident in recruitment as there is a growing emphasis on hiring experienced employees with specialist skills rather than inexperienced graduates from top universities. Also, external recruitment is increasing among employees indicating the removal of internal promotion, which is a development in Japanese HRM. Evolution has also taken place in areas of labor relations. In the past, Japanese enterprise based unions (kigyo-nai kumiai) have had a positive outlook in respect to salary negotiations with preference on job security for their members (Selmer, 2001). These unions would assure supportive behavior by their members, in exchange for proper behavior by companies and with the integration of the firms training, wage setting, and redundancy systems. Also, firms could depend on the role of planned business as a last option, if the union did not commit to its side of the agreement. This has now changed as there is a simultaneous breakdown of the traditional trade unions, business associations and keiretsu networks. Presently, there is much doubt as to whether either side will remain in the relationship. Middle managers are now the targets of de-layering processes who feel a growing need to defend their concerns (Selmer, 2001). In contrast, the Trade Union Law in Japan only identifies unions as representing the interests of the employers, and more groups may form inside the companies to defend the interest of the center white-collar employees and their long employment contract. The system of company based unions may be harshly destabilized if such groups extend outside companies to become horizontal regional or national white-collar unions. With this, non-union employee representation may also pose a threat to the traditional enterprise-based unions. However, Japanese firms have dedicated much effort into developing a system of participation in their management techniques by using non-union representation practices resourcefully and effectively to form and develop employee representation in deci sion making (Selmer, 2001). There are two types of employee associations with almost one-third that are voice-oriented organizations, and the remaining two-thirds that focus on recreational activities (Sato, 1997). The voice-oriented employee associations regularly converse industrial planning and working conditions with management, and managers typically value their functions of comprehensive and communicating views of employees. Also Japanese labor relations may be affected by many changing environmental forces such as the internationalization of the economy, the rapidly aging population, the acceleration of technological innovations, and changes in the values of the younger generation (Selmer, 2001). These are some developments in the evolution of human resources in Japan in terms of labor relations today. With all the developments emerged through the evolution of Japanese HRM, the lessons that have been provided to International HR managers are valuable. As Japanese HR practices are highly regarded and often taken as a reason for outstanding success in their economy, the true effect and implication of these practices is often debated when implementing the same strategies in Western countries. For an international HR manager, there are certain aspects that must be considered in order to be successful. Managers need to take into consideration the differences in culture. For example, Japanese managers make an active commitment to preserve harmony and there is a high emphasis placed on group work. However, due to the changes in Japanese HRM, managers must be aware of the shift towards a more individualist behavior. Although the reaction of Japanese and Western firms to economic difficulty may appear similar in some respects, Japanese firms appreciate considerable flexibility in the manage ment of human resources due to a more favorable environment (Clardy, 2003). International HR managers should also consider the impact of governments and labor relations when making decisions. It can be seen with Japan that the effect of these elements has greatly impacted the process of human resource management in the country as unions have changed their methods of action. The evolution of HRM practices in Japan has been seen to be quite extensive. Since the recession, there have been gradual changes in the cultural behaviors displayed by Japanese employees. Japanese employees have moved from a traditional and collective orientation toward more individualistic and self-orientation. Although special characteristics of Japanese HRM, such as lifetime employment and the seniority system, are somewhat resistant to change, there have been developments in the recruitment practices as preference is now given to individuals with experience, rather then the norm of molding graduates. Also, there has been a breakdown in the union and labor relations, with an emergence of non-union threats and division of support systems. For an International human resource manager, it is beneficial to take into considerations the lessons established by the evolution of Japanese HRM as it offers a greater quantity of information and scope into the global HR operations of Japanese firms. Also, it provides an interesting and more universal assessment of the challenges involved in managing cross-culturally and the importance of successful diversity management. These are some of the elements that make an effective international human resources manager and provide a competitive advantage. REFERENCES Baba, S. (2004). Remodelling Employment for Competitive Advantage: What will follow Japans Lifetime employment?. Asian Business Management: Japan Society of Business Administration (JBSA). Vol.3, Iss.2, p. 221-240. Beechler, S., and Yang, J. (1994). The transfer of Japanese-style management to American subsidiaries: Contingencies, constraints, and competencies Journal of International Business Studies. Vol.25, Iss 3, pg. 467, 25. Benson, J. and Debroux, P. (2004). The Changing Nature of Japanese Human Resource Management: The Impact of the Recession and the Asian Financial Crisis. International Studies of Management Organization White Plains. Vol. 34, Iss.1, p. 32-51. Brislin, R., et al (2005). Evolving Perceptions of Japanese Workplace Motivation: An Employee-Manager Comparison. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management : CCM London. Vol.5, Iss.1, p. 87-104 (18 pp.). Clardy, A. (2003). International Human Resource Management in Japanese Firms. Personnel Psychology Durham. Vol.56, Iss.1, p. 245-248 (4 pp.). Dedoussis, V. (2001) Keiretsu and management practices in Japan resilience amid change. Journal of Managerial Psychology. Vol.16, Iss.2, p. 173-188. Drucker, P.F. (1981). Behind Japan’s success. Harvard Business Review. Vol. 49, Iss.2, pp.83-90. Gerlach, M. (1992), Twilight of the keiretsu: a critical assessment. Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol. 18, pp. 79-118. Keys, J., Denton, L.T. Miller, T.R. (1994). The Japanese Management Theory Jungle-Revisited. Journal of Management. Vol.20, Iss.2, pp.373-402. Lincoln, J.R. and Nakata, Y. (1997), The transformation of the Japanese employment system. Work and Occupations. Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 33-55. Mizutani, E. (2003). Japan: Renewing HR management via organizational values management. Benefits Compensation International. Vol.33, Iss.3, p. 3-7. Pudelko, M. (2004). HRM in Japan and the West: What are the lessons to be learnt from each other?. Asian Business Management, Vol.3, Iss.3, pp.337. Salmer, J. (2001). Human resource management in Japan- Adjustment or transformation?. International Journal of Manpower, Vol 22, Iss.3, pp.235-242. Sanford, J. (1995). Recent organizational developments in Japan. British Journal of Industrial Relations. Vol.33, Iss.4, pp. 645-50. Sato, H. (1997), Labor-management rlations in small and medium-sized enterprises, in Sako, M. and Sato, H. (Eds). Japanese Labor and Management in Transition: Diversity, Flexibility, and Participation, Routledge, London. pp. 315-31. Takashi, W. (2003). Recent Trends in Japanese Human Resource Management: The Introduction of a System of Individual and Independent Career Choice. Asian Business Management. Vol.2, Iss.1, p. 111. Research Papers on Japanese HRM Analysis and The Lessons of An Effective International HR managerPETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductTwilight of the UAWBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and How It Caused Germany to Lose WWI

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and How It Caused Germany to Lose WWI Unrestricted submarine warfare is the practice of using submarines to attack and sink all forms of enemy shipping, whether they are military or civilian. It is most closely associated with the First World War when Germany’s decision to use USW brought the US into the war and led to their defeat. The Blockades of World War 1 In the build-up to the First World War, Germany and Britain were involved in a naval race to see how many bigger and better battleships could be created. When this war began, many expected the resulting navies to sail out and fight a great naval battle. In fact, this only ever almost happened at Jutland, and that was inconclusive. The British knew that their navy was the only part of their military who could lose the war in an afternoon and decided not to use it in a massive battle but to blockade all the shipping routes to Germany and try and starve their enemy into submission. To do so they seized the shipping of neutral countries and caused a lot of upset, but Britain was able to soothe ruffled feathers and come to agreements with these neutral countries. Of course, Britain had the advantage, as it was between Germany and the Atlantic shipping routes, so US purchases were effectively cut off.Germany also decided to blockade Britain, but not only did they cause upset they caused th eir own destruction. Basically, the German above sea fleet was restricted to cat and mouse operations, but their submarines were told to go out and blockade the British by stopping any Atlantic trade reaching them. Unfortunately, there was one problem: the Germans had bigger and better submarines than the British, who were backward in understanding their potential, but a submarine can’t easily board and sail off a vessel like the British ships were doing. The Germans thus began sinking the ships coming to Britain: enemy, neutral, civilian alike. Unrestricted submarine warfare, because there were no restrictions on who to sink. Sailors were dying, and theoretically neutral nations like the US were livid.In the face of opposition from the neutrals (like the US who threatened to join the war), and demands from German politicians for the submarines to be brought under control, the Germans changed tactics. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare In early 1917, Germany still hadn’t won the war and there was a stalemate on the battlefields of Western Europe. But Germany knew they were out producing the allies when it came to submarines and were still having success with their more careful policy. High command wondered: if we began unrestricted Submarine warfare again, could our blockade force Britain to surrender before the US was able to declare war and get their troops over the seas? It was an incredibly risky plan, but German hawks believed they could starve Britain out in six months, and the US wouldn’t make it in time. Ludendorff, practical ruler of Germany, made the decision, and in February 1917 unrestricted submarine warfare began.At first, it was devastating, and as supplies in Britain dwindled the head of the British Navy told his government they could not survive. But then two things happened. The British began using the convoy system, a tactic used in Napoleonic times but adopted now to group travelin g ships into tough groups, and the US entered the war. The convoys caused losses to reduce, German submarine losses increased, and the specter of US troops finally broke the German will to continue after their last throw of the dice in early 1918 (a move which occurred as the Germans tried a last land tactic before the US arrived in force). Germany had to surrender; Versailles followed.   What should we make of unrestricted submarine warfare? This hinges on what you believe would have happened on the Western Front had the US not committed soldiers to it. On the one hand, by the successful allied attacks of 1918 US troops hadnt arrived in their mega millions. But on the other, it took the news that the US was coming to keep the Western allies functioning in 1917. If you had to pin it on one thing only, unrestricted submarine warfare lost Germany the war in the west, and so the whole war.

Dance movie review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dance movie review - Essay Example The movie follows the first embarrassed steps of the dancers to how they gain confidence to perform an excellent dance that attracts a standing ovation. The video is raw as the audience can tell the dancers are inexperienced. There is no voice-over at the beginning of the film indicating that the neither the dancers nor the audience understood the events going on or what they were meant to be doing. This gives authenticity to the fact that they were very new to the dancing and that they did not know where to start. The movie brings out the personalities of the dancers as they go through the journey and also their stamina and courage. The film focuses mostly on the teenagers and their journey for growth and into adulthood. The movie is profound and very real as opposed to the mechanized dances that are so popular with other dance videos. Wim directed the film after the death of Pina, and it consisted some of the best works by Pina. The dances that are performed in Pina take place everywhere. There are dances in the forests, on the road sidewalks and even in the tram cars. The movie also has some interviews with some of the dancers where their responses are not by word but are rather contemplative as they give their answers. Instead of using words from their minds, they use the dances on their bodies signifying the influence that their mentor had on them. Not only did Pina teach and inspire the dancers to become who they are but she also inspired in them a similar character signifying that she was such a charismatic mentor and her dances lived beyond her. The movie is very exhilarating but there is no single work of dance that is complete in the movie hence leaving the audience a bit frustrated. The power that Pina had is communicated in the movie and the audience experiences a dance and a movie at the same time and thus remains very

Enlightened View of the American Woman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Enlightened View of the American Woman - Essay Example In 1993, NYPD hit the screens where great lightning bongo drums in the sound tracks, accomplished women and male nudity was featured there was a sigh of relief from millions of viewers. But, when ER was released there was a cause of hope because it was another hospital drama (Alan and Logan). In 2004, desperate housewives hit the air and it gained popularity among the married women with jobs kids, husbands, friends, and partners and also beyond. All these shows gave an acknowledgement of the importance of adult female audience. Women were featured as ongoing characters working for a living and focuses on contemporary problems in heterosexual relationships although there has not been an achievement of daily couples who are homosexual on TV (Blackwell). To be on point and dog eyed bound, though wounded emotionally, it is an eager to talk it through the guy centre stage. The question is what do we gain whenever we submerge and kickback ourselves in these TV shows? And is there anything which can be said about the ongoing feminism project? Susan projects NYPD Blue as a cop show set in New York city, a Steven Bochoco’s signature style of production, the show has a lot of hand held camera work, lots of shaky, first paced and with intersecting plots of various crimes which are multiple and the personal lives of those who do the investigations. Susan points out that in the last season there were more women. And this year the show is being masculinised. Kelly (a woman in the last season) was replaced by Jimmy Smits (a male in the new season), this could only be compared to a territorial peeing contest. The scriptwriter portrayed him as a widower as a result of breast cancer which killed his wife. Immediately the viewer is informed of the tragic death, we are shown Bobby warning punks dealing in drugs that he would terminate them (Chandler). ER on the other hand has also showed story lines that are interesting, and the up of fast tracking cameras which are sprint down hospital corridors and like hawks on speed are swirl around operating tables. There are also elements of percussive sounds and bongo drums when the patients are being rushed in for treatment. In Chicago Hope is ER on Vellum, the cameras are stationary at a slower pace and instead of the bongo drums R & B are played. For ER on Helium and Northern Exposure, it goes to the hospital with beats that represent the character of the patient, e.g. the one that eats her hair or one with a fallen off ear. There is also the emphasis of ideal families and family as an institution in the show. The society as portrayed in this show values an ideal family. In both shows we see the establishment of a family as an institution. The authors have put a great emphasis on how ideal American families are and the various challenges that they face. This can be seen citing an example of the desperate house wives all housewives in the show are in a typical setup of an American family. However, there is th e gender connected feeling that women care more for the attainment of an ideal family than men. Each female character in this show is portrayed as struggling to attain the idealistic family, which is a culturally determined feeling. They think about what the general society judges an ideal family as and struggle to see that their families are of this type. This ideal

The Truth Behind the Elgin Marbles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Truth Behind the Elgin Marbles - Essay Example With all these in mind, Elgin marbles indeed represented rich scenes of Athens history. His controversial acquisition of which happened in Athens between 1801 and 1805, when he claimed to have obtained a permit from the Ottoman authorities to remove some of which from the Parthenon (British Museum, n.d.). The issue on the Elgin Marbles came about when Elgin starts to remove about half of the remaining Parthenon sculptures by transporting it by sea to Britain. The collection which includes objects from other buildings of Acropolis such as the Erechtheion, the Propylaia, and the Temple of Athena Nike were housed in the Elgin Room at the British Museum where it remained until the Duveen Gallery was built. Here, he faced some criticisms, associating his actions to vandalism or stealing. On the other hand, there were some people who supported him. This resulted to the growth of a public debate reaching the courts of the Parliament as to whether the Marbles should remain in the British Mus eum since it was purchased by the British government or to be returned to Athens (British Museum, n.d.). ... However, though Elgin claims that he was given permission by the Sultan to do so, he is not able to show the original document that proves the truth to it, although there are said to be translated versions of which in Italian, the authenticity of which are being doubted upon. To confirm the legality of Elgin’s action, he requested to have an examination of the documents that would make the purchase authorized. In the process of doing so, they found out that the claimed document was an accurate translation of an Ottoman firman that is dated July 1801. According to Elgin, he took this as an authorization to remove the marbles from Athens. Now, the question is if any of the Ottoman’s party was informed by this activity of Elgin when it is alleged that the said Italian copy of the firman was not presented to them by Elgin or anyone from his party. According to one of his associates, named Rev. Philip Hunt, he was not able to bring the document because he was not informed th at he was going to testify as a witness to this agreement. The issue gets trickier when William St. Clair, a biographer of Lord Elgin attests to have Hunt’s Italian document and guarantees the accuracy of the English translation when the document presented to the committee actually did not have any signature or the Ottoman’s firman that automatically nulls its validity. Also, the lines contained in the document pertaining to the removal of the marbles in fact only holds a permission for Elgin’s team to fix scaffolding, make drawings, and measure the remains of the ruined buildings and nothing was said about taking it all away (British Museum, n.d.).

Justinians Military Battles Essay Example for Free

Justinians Military Battles Essay Justinian carried on the unending war against the Persians with mixed success. His general Belisarius lost a battle at first in 528, then completely routed the Persians at Daras, near Nisibis (June, 530); but on 19 April, 531, the Romans were defeated near Callinicum on the Euphrates; in September a peace was arranged on fairly equal terms. The emperor then conceived the plan of reconquering Africa and Italy, lost to the empire by the Vandal and Gothic invasions. In 533 a fleet of five hundred ships set sail for Africa under Belisarius. In two battles the Romans annihilated the Vandal kingdom, took the king, Gelimer, prisoner to Constantinople, and re-estabished the authority of Caesar in Africa. In 535 Belisarius sailed for Sicily. The island was conquered at once. After a reverse in Dalmatia that province was also subdued. Belisarius in 536 took Rhegium and Naples, entered Rome in triumph, seized Ravenna, sustained a siege in Rome till 538, when the Goths retired. A second general, Narses, then arrived with reinforcements from Constantinople; Milan and all Liguria were taken in 539, and in 540 all Italy up to the frontier of the Frankish Kingdom was reunited to the empire. In 542 the Goths revolted under their king, Totila; by 553 they were again crushed. Narses became the first Exarch of Italy. Verona and Brixia (Brescia), the last Gothic strongholds, fell in 562. The Roman armies then marched on Spain and conquered its south-eastern provinces (lost again in 623, after Justinians death. ) Meanwhile the Crimean Goths and all the Bosporus, even the Southern Arabs, were forced to acknowledge the rule of Rome. A second war against the Persians (540-45) pushed the Roman frontier beyond Edessa. From 549 to 556 a long in Armenia and Colchis (the Lazic War) again established the empire without a rival on the shores of the Black Sea. So Justinian ruled once more over a colossal world empire, whose extent rivaled that of the great days before Diocletian. Meanwhile the emperor was no less successful at home. In 532 a very dangerous revolt (the Nika revolution), that arose from the factions of the Circus (the Blues and Greens), was put down severely. Bury says that the result of the suppression was an imperial victory which established the form of absolutism by which Byzantine history is generally characterized. (Later Roman Empire, I, 345).

Congress And The Change In Term Limits Essay -- Politics Political

Congress and The Change in Term Limits In 1994, for the first time in 40 years, Congress was drastically changed. The Democratic majority was uprooted and new, lively, freshmen were instated with a job to undertake. As part of the Republican=s AContract with America,@ these new Republicans had to revise the current Congressional term limit status. In undertaking this task, these men and women ran into a seemingly stone road-block. This roadblock consisted of long-term, carreerists who were unwilling to change. The problem was not that there were no Congressmen who were committed to real change elected in 1994 because there were, but Congress was highly dominated by long-term careerists in both parties who seemed to have more loyalty to the system than to their constituents. As Thomas Jefferson put it, "Whenever a man has cast a longing eye on offices, a rottenness begins in his conduct." (Oxford dictionary of quotations, p.272) Over time, career legislators are more likely to promote the interest of the establishment of which they are part than that of the larger public. This fact is not surprising. If most of a persons time is spent meeting with lobbyists, constituents, and bureaucrats, that person may actually come to believe what these influential people are saying. This is why new blood needs to enter Congress more frequently, in order to avoid the highly influenced Congress that is filled with old people with old ideals. Needless to say the once optimistic freshmen were unsuccessful in their task, and it=s plain to see why. Until that changes, Congress is not going to change. Congressmen need to get back to basics and realize that they are in office to serve their people, and not themselves. What would change Congress is term limits. By the middle of last year nearly half of the states had restricted, almost all of them by popular vote, the number of terms that their members of Congress could serve. But then the Supreme Court intervened. In U.S. Term Limits, Inc., et al. v. Thornton et al., a narrow five-to-four majority voided these restrictions, stating that "allowing individual States to craft their own qualifications for Congress would thus erode the structure envisioned by the Framers, a structure that was designed, in the words of the Preamble to our Constitution, to form a Amore perfect Union.@ (US Law Week, 1995) Congress, na... ..., Edward H.(2), "Six and Twelve: The Case for Serious Term Limits," National Civic Review, 1991. P. 251. Jefferson, Thomas. "Letter to Tench Coxe" 1799, The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, 3d ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979, p. 272. McLaughlin, Fabrizio, Memorandum to "all interested parties," February 6, 1996, p. 1. (www.poilticalscience/pub/quotes.com) Moore, Stephen and Steelman, Aaron. "An Antidote to Federal Red Ink: Term Limits," Cato Institute Briefing Paper no. 21, November 3, 1994, p. 21. (Http://www.cato.org) Payne, James, AThe Culture of Spending: Why Congress Lives beyond Our Means@ University Press, 1991 p. 175-80. Smith, Bradley A. "Campaign Finance Regulation: Faulty Assumptions and Undemocratic Consequences," Cato Institute Policy Analysis no. 238, September 13, 1995, p. A15 (www.cato.org) U.S. Term Limits, Inc., et al. v. Thornton et al., 63 U.S. Law Week 4413, 4432. May 22, 1995. Wall Street Journal "Conflict in Congress," Wall Street Journal, April 22, 1996, p. A22.